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O  =%f  *THERMALLING (and how to avoid landing out)++(Other possible titles:  How I landed out over 50 times.  50 Farming families I ve met.  S.W. Ontario walking tours. e|PurposeDImprove your soaring skills. By learning from the mistakes of others. Reach the point where you enjoy cross country soaring. Give you some insights into current thinking about cross country. Pass along your new skills and insights to fellow pilots. The Need for SpeedTAll cross country flights are a race against time. Essential to understand the importance of a superior climb rate as compared to high inter- thermal speed. (Any fool can fly fast!) Thermal activity  weak in morning and late afternoon  requires tactical adjustments. Late in the day  STAY HIGH!*t+First Cross CountryThe 50 km. task is easy  in a modern glider  assuming decent weather conditions.. 6,000 feet msl. at SOSA  York Soaring is in the bag. The biggest barrier you face is the psychological fear of cutting the apron strings. ` YOUR OBJECTIVED:Badge flying is NOT a competition. Your purpose is to COMPLETE THE TASK. Who cares if you complete a 300km. flight in 4 hours or 6 hours? You should ! Higher speed requires mental discipline and courage. Yet, enjoy the experience  the journey is just as important as the achievement.8Z#  (The Big One  300km.DJunior glide ratio is 34:1 at fairly high airspeed. Most modern fiberglass gliders are in the 33:1 to 37:1 range. Astir, Libelle, Junior, Std. Cirrus.  Even a 1-23, 1-34 or a 1-35 are capable of 300 km. + + The key  good thermalling skills and adequate planning. Conclusion  300 km. flight is possible on many  average soaring days in S.W. Ont.@ 6%y PLANNING DZCheck lists. Weather forecast? Declaration. Water*, Food. Pee system. Map preparation  do not rely on GPS. Course line? Key radio frequencies. * Top priority for safety! 6,{ Know how to operate your instruments  vario, computer, radio etc. Can you reach everything? Weather shaping up per forecast? Take your time  let the day develop. Get input from qualified pilots. Be positive  don t get psyched out!"ZC  The Big Day DOnce airborne, get a feeling for the day. How do actual conditions compare to the forecast? Thermal strength and ease of connecting. Wind shear  at what height? Operating band* thermals consistent above 2,500 feet or higher? Resist the pressure to start too early! *Note  operating band will change as the day develops.> Z8Z(8Thermal IndicatorsDOther gliders  most times. Birds  hawks and seagulls. Dust  devils  ploughed fields. Debris  plastic bags, hay, small cars. Slopes, ridges, hills, towns, factories etc. Fires  often quite small but powerful. Remember the rule & & ZThermal IndicatorsWHEN HIGH & .. Use clouds or haze domes. WHEN LOW& .. Use terrain features. On overcast (overdeveloped) days fly to areas of sunshine. t T 33TCommon Thermalling ErrorsDLook outside  keep your head out of the cockpit! Use the audio function. Use ALL your senses. Speed control  fly attitude  fear of stalling? Angle of bank  fear of stalling? How do I calculate my bank angle?LN>(!,"Calculate my bank angle?Airspeed  you know. # seconds to complete 360 turn  you know. Gives you approximate angle of bank.ff0Circling Time in ThermalsuCircling Time in thermalsDBetter pilots typically fly at 45 to 55 knots @ 19  23 seconds per turn. If you are wandering around at 20 degree angle of bank  you cannot thermal efficiently. Good training  Blanik @ 42 knots  around 19 to 20 seconds. Caution  remember laminar flow & you can also thermal too slowly.N#ZS30 Common Thermalling ErrorsTurning too soon when you enter a thermal. Banking at high speed : 60 knots + +. Chasing the vario  remember vario lag. Ignoring the yaw string. Rough control movements once established in the thermal. Entering thermals at high speed. Leaving thermals at high speed.  Common Thermalling ErrorsDTaking every thermal. Thermal  love in  the last to leave? Follow the mob or lead? Team flying  single file or spread out? On blue days it is essential that all gliders on a task spread out. : n4 Average thermal strengthTypical flight computer  average thermal strength based on: Start of climb? Last 10 seconds? Last 20 seconds? Last minute? Duration of flight? Computers have given us greater insight into achieved speeds. H=ZZZ=S?oAverage thermal strengthTypically based on the past 20 to 30 seconds. That is why a 4 knot day really turns out to be a 1.7 to 2.0 knot day when you analyze the data. Beware of optimistic radio calls   5 knots here. i8Thermal strength* in knots *(Assuming 4 turns to center)*9(Cruising between ThermalsThis should be a very busy time for you. How fast to fly? How slow? Go left? Go right? Fly through the blue hole ahead? Avoid the overcast on course line? Catch up with that LS 8 ahead?ZCruising between thermalsHow FAST should I fly? If I fly too fast, what happens? If I fly too slowly, what happens? The good old days of  pure MacCready ring settings.<((x((w #Impact of Conservative Ring Setting$$($Impact of Conservative Ring settings%%(If you set the MacCready ring at  0 How much performance/time do you lose? Answer  20%........ Leading to a high probability of an out-landing! Why? Reduces your thermal search area. Limited amount of thermal activity during the day  you run out of time. %k#Thermal Probability S.W. Ontario*$$F( 1 mile 5 miles 10 miles 1 knot 20 90 99 2 knot 10 61 84 4 knot 5 30 52 6 knot 2 10 18 * Standard class glider.@   3t KEY LESSON |IT TAKES TIME TO CENTER THERMALS! A  good pilot will take FOUR turns to core a thermal. That is 120 seconds, 2 minutes  a long, long time, going nowhere! A really superior pilot will center the thermal in two turns. Time saved during a 20 thermal flight? 10 minutes!! An  average pilot may NEVER center the thermal.D? .How to read CloudsDDepth of cloud  vertical development. Shape, Texture, Curl over. Solid, dark base. Firm profile  not fuzzy. Cloud shadow. (Overdevelopment?) Growing clouds, Mature clouds and dissipating clouds. Learn to recognize the differences! Beware of towering Cu.&Z3How to Read CloudsDRule of thumb  1 in 3 clouds working. Thermal height is proportional to distance between thermals. 8,000 cloud base  thermals far apart, lots of sink. 3,000 cloud base  thermals close together, not much sink. Thermal cycles - try to get in phase with growing clouds.Z8While you are thermalling& ..hRead the sky ahead. Pick out growing cloud(s)  have more than one option! Avoid blue holes! Select best course line based on cloud layout. If you deviate  try to deviate upwind.%cBetween ThermalsDBlue holes - course line deviations. How far ? Remember your objective! Upwind or downwind? Cloud shadow. Overdevelopment  how to handle? Cloud streets  visible and not so visible. Sink streets  be decisive  act quickly. Blue days  sunglasses.ZdBetween ThermalsDLake effect. Turn point in blue air  what to do? First  decide how far you have to fly in blue air. Second  climb as high as possible. Slow down and be patient. Work weak lift in blue air  particularly after turn point- wind at your back.qCourse deviationsRemember your mission ! A 30 course deviation causes you to fly 15% further. At 80 knots, 3 miles and 30 deviation costs you 20 seconds. If you gain a mere 100 feet, you are better off than the blue hole puncher. r-Course Deviations (The Tortoise and the Hare)..(High personal confidence in my thermalling ability. Shortest distance (best speed) between two points? Straight line ? Flying with others showed that the most effective way to fly between two points is frequently made by deviating under  wimpy lift.Effective Inter-thermal FlyingrFly with purpose! Don t let the thermals push you aroundEffective Inter-thermal Flying{When you feel lift always slow down and turn into it Anytime you can climb while flying straight on course is advantageoussTurn point TacticszTake upwind turn point& & & .. LOW.* Take downwind turn point& & HIGH. *( Within reason, of course!) Bartell   a 2 knot thermal going downwind is as good as an 8 knot thermal going upwind. nC [33[ Key Points Read clouds carefully. Enter and leave thermals correctly. Turn tightly. Be selective with thermals you take. Use conservative MacCready settings. Speed up by slowing down between thermals. Be flexible!Z C"gThermalling RulesD>First glider in thermal establishes direction of turn. When joining a thermal do NOT interfere with other gliders. Keep yourself visible to other pilots in the thermal. If you are climbing faster than other gliders  you must not impede other pilots Maintain a good lookout at all times. Z Psychological FactorsDThe importance of flexibility - learn to adjust your pace. At 7,000 feet ignore weak lift. At 2,000 feet take anything! High = Fast Low = Slow Be patient  a 1.5 knot thermal at 1,200 feet may be a 4 knot thermal at 3,000 feet Psychological FactorsDDevelop stamina  both physical and mental. Fight the urge to  do something . Be patient! Avoid follow the leader  fly your own flight. Fight the urge to  catch up  the need for companionship. Remember your objective  finish the task safely.!f Psychological Factors&ADThe need for companionship  follow the leader often puts your brain in neutral. Think for yourself  avoid the herd mentality. The other guy is just a dumb as you are. (Most of the time, anyway!) ePsychological FactorsDDon t get sucked in by higher performance gliders. Be realistic about your gliders performance: Astir versus Ventus Hornet versus LS 6 LS 6 versus Nimbus 3 McMaster strategy  optimize your gliders performance envelope..`ZBZ@Zom!Airport Hopping (Airport hoping?)4"(((3nSeductive for the low time pilot. Pros and cons. Silver distance  o.k. Dangerous for longer flights? Your energy and concentration is on the next airport and NOT on weather reading. Actually slows your speed dramatically. Many airstrips are very narrow! Target fixation  final glides& . The mind stops working!D8= 39-PRACTICAL STEPSDThe importance of weak days. Use 1 knot thermals around the field. Work on low saves around your Club. (Just brief the Duty Instructor!) Work on stamina. Release early. The Tow pilot creed   if he fails to release in lift, he must want sink .*g5Z@eSummary  @Develop thermalling skills  particularly on weak days. Constant angle of bank, constant airspeed. Tight turns ! CONSERVATIVE ring setting. Make haste slowly and steadily. Read the sky ahead. Avoid blue holes. Work on long inter thermal glides  15 to 20km. Lead  don t follow. Have fun!!Z!BRecommended reading listSoaring Cross Country Reichmann New Soaring Pilot Welch & Irving Winning 11 Moffat The Platypus Papers Bird Meteorology for glider pilots Wallington Transition to gliders KnauffRecommended Reading ListA comprehensive reading list will be e-mailed along with a copy of this presentation. E-mail address: John_brennan@sympatico.ca%\g/$78:<> ? @ BEFGHOPQRSV"^*k1m3v4w5x6z8{9|:;<=>?OVZ[\]^_`efghija! 0` 3L:̪3fܗ` =XL=xt=x̙` 3fL3[[E)̙` ff` 3F433` f3ϫ̙` ff̙f` @K=3NLGwt` geff>?" dd@,?" dd@   " @ `"  n?" dd@   @@``PT    @ ` `6p>>^N0 x@(  @Z  @# "2 @  BCDEF"d@ @`s"*    @ c BCDEF"v @ @`" * @  BtCDEF"d@ tttt@`s"*  i` Z P @# "P @ c B CDEF @))<  _ wv J c /JVJBeW<_JW R"R"F(.6 JJJQ^tkK-,&k < < TX@`"x\  P @ " P  @ BCDE<FF|urBAwK-Id<|u $@`"lP  @ BCaDE@FJ$6B*r0a6T~~xZB<$$"$@`"u / [  @ BzCDE,F6  (<y6"zL^Z6@`" 5P D  @ BCBDE4F> rN<`*B~rr @`",d  @ B*CHDE4F> $  $**0 H$$ @`"  d @ c TBCDEF @88 1$s[6C6&fH~fM~ vpjd^ L@. $*<HW090HH<< HC<=<1HNZxNrt@`"Z  @# "^ @ BmCDEdFn<BlU1mg~Or+ZH6$k_H B 6*48@`"F @ BCDEXFb`$ <hZg gnm\=.0@`"F @ BGC<DEXFb 5;A*G6G<;6/*$* 000$.0@`"&m,& @ BCDEHFR0Hr `6`<fHlTx`r`f6&(@`"W @ B;C<DE4F> ;))$/*565</6#0$;; @`"Kf @ (BCDEhFr$*TM/TYB;$  /MSYe } $$68@`" @ 6؍ " ``  T Click to edit Master title style! !$ @ 0ۍ " `  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S @ 6, #" `` `  ^*  @ 6T #" ``   `*  @ 6 #" `` `  `* T @ <v޽h @ ? 3F433___PPT10i. `+D=' = @B + Mountain Top@ `0^N0 ?7D(  DZ  D# " |2 D  BCDEF"d@ @`s"*    D c BCDEF"v @ @`" * D  BtCDEF"d@ tttt@`s"*  m\| Z N D# "M D c B CDEF @))<  _ wv J c /JVJBeW<_JW R"R"F(.6 JJJQ^tkK-,&k < < TX@`"x\  N D " N  D BCDE<FF|urBAwK-IP<|u $@`"lN  D BCaDE@FJ$6B*r0a6T~~xZB<$$"$@`"u / [  D BzCDE,F6  (<y6"zL^Z6@`" 5P D  D BCBDE4F> rN<`*B~rr @`",d  D B*CHDE4F> $  $**0 H$$ @`"  d D c TBCDEF @88 1$s[6C6&fH~fM~ vpjd^ L@. $*<HW090HH<< HC<=<1HNZxNrt@`"Z  D# "^ D BmCDEdFn<BlU1mg~Or+ZH6$k_H B 6*48@`"F D BCDEXFb`$ <hZg gnm\=.0@`"F D BGC<DEXFb 5;A*G6G<;6/*$* 000$.0@`"&m,& D BCDEHFR0Hr `6`<fHlTx`r`f6&(@`"W D B;C<DE4F> ;))$/*565</6#0$;; @`"Kf D (BCDEhFr$*TM/TYB;$  /MSYe } $$68@`" D </ " ` / T Click to edit Master title style! ! D 0/ "p`   / W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $ D 6/ #" `` ` / ^*  D 6\H #" `` ` / `*  D 6H #" ``  H `* T D <v޽h @ ? 3F433___PPT10i. `+D=' = @B +`0  h*(  h h 0 P   X*  h 0%    Z* d h c $ ?   h 0\/  0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S h 6/ 7PU  / X*  h 6H/ 7 U / Z* H h 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N5 `?0^N0 (  P  C (ACASlogop MH  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e.+D=' = @B + `\0^N0 :(     0o @ ``<$0     c $@ `<$ 0  H  0޽h ? 3F433___PPT10.John BrennanXI have landed out for every year of my life! JB. 08 ..m^V +hD' = @B DJ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(Da' =%(D ' =AB#BB@B0B@ A%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*+%(D' X=-g6B fade*<3<*+%(D/' X=+4 8?HCB4DBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*+%(D'' X=+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*+%(D'' X=+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*+%(D"' =%(D' =%(Dr' =AB BB@B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*%(D"' =%(D' =%(Dr' =AB BB@B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*:%(D"' =%(D' =%(Dr' =AB BB@B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:[%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*:[%(D"' =%(D' =%(Dr' =AB BB@B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*[|%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*[|%(+p+0+0 ++0+0 + `0^N0 `6(     0po @ ``   r  S @z'g  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.PJohn Brennan JB. +# .NP6+D=' = @B + `_0^N0 @ <(       0o @ ``   x   c $|@ `  H   0޽h ? 3F433___PPT10i.^b +D=' = @B + `<0^N0 0P<(  P P  0o @ ``   x P c $@ `  H P 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.]P0?b+D=' = @B + `0^N0  <(      0o @ ``   x  c $@ `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP6+D=' = @B + ` 0^N0 0<(  0 0  0o @ ``   x 0 c $@ `  H 0 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP+D=' = @B +- ` 0^N0 ,$8(  8 8  0o @ ``   x 8 c $@    x 8 c $ @p `  H 8 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP+D=' = @B + ` 0^N0 4<(  4 4  0#o @ ``   x 4 c $$@ `  H 4 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP+D=' = @B + `0^N0 `X<(  X X  0h:o @ ``   x X c $@;@ `  H X 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP+D=' = @B + `g0^N0 `00(  0x 0 c $K@ ``   x 0 c $L@ `  H 0 0޽h ? 3___PPT10i.jp+D=' = @B + `0^N0 @H(  @ @  0Ro @ ``    @  0Ro @ `  H @ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP+D=' = @B + `h0^N0 L0(  Lx L c $ [@ ``   x L c $[@ `  H L 0޽h ? 3___PPT10i.9q0+D=' = @B +! `Z0^N0   #6d (     0eo @ ``     `H 6 #"" `H   N] ?"6@ NNN?NS `H P  @`  Nx ?"6@ NNN?NF SH P  @`  Ny ?"6@ NNN?N: F H P  @`  N؈ ?"6@ NNN?N- : H P  @`  NL ?"6@ NNN?N  -H P  @`  N(?"6@ NNN?NS< `  U16 sec. 18 sec. @`  N?"6@ NNN?NF < S  U20 sec. 22 sec. @`  Nԫ ?"6@ NNN?N: < F  U24 sec. 26 sec. @`  N ?"6@ NNN?N-< :  U29 sec. 31 sec. @`  Nt ?"6@ NNN?N < -  W50 knots 55 knots @`  N?"6@ NNN?NS`<  U13 sec. 15 sec. @`   N?"6@ NNN?NF S<  U16 sec. 18 sec. @`   N ?"6@ NNN?N: F <  U19 sec. 21 sec. @`   NH ?"6@ NNN?N-: <  U23 sec. 26 sec. @`   N ?"6@ NNN?N -<  W40 knots 45 knots @`   NPf?"6@ NNN?NS` K450 @`  N`f?"6@ NNN?NF S K400 @`  Nf?"6@ NNN?N: F  K350 @`  Nf?"6@ NNN?N-:  K300 @`  Nf?"6@ NNN?N - R Bank angle   @`B  No ?"0@NNN?N `B  H1 ?"0@NNN?N `B  H1 ?"0@NNN?N < `< B  H1 ?"0@NNN?N  ` B  No ?"0@NNN?N H`HB  No ?"0@NNN?N  HB  H1 ?"0@NNN?N--HB   H1 ?"0@NNN?N: : HB ! H1 ?"0@NNN?NF F HB " H1 ?"0@NNN?NSSHB # No ?"0@NNN?N``HB ( TD?"0@NNN?N6 ww6 H  0޽h ? 3F433___PPT10i.S0hX?+D=' = @B + `;0^N0 <(     08 o @ ``   x  c $'@ `  H  0޽h ? f;v3ff___PPT10i.O0C+D=' = @B + `=0^N0 `\<(  \ \  05o @ ``   x \ c $5@ `  H \ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i._PP+D=' = @B + `0^N0 0L<(  L L  0Co @ ``   x L c $D@ `  H L 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP+D=' = @B + `40^N0 p `<(  ` `  0,Lo @ ``   x ` c $L@ `  H ` 0޽h ? f;v3ff___PPT10i.yOD+D=' = @B + `80^N0  d<(  d d  0Zo @ ``   x d c $|[@ `  H d 0޽h ? f;v3ff___PPT10i.yO+D=' = @B +  `30^N0  "CH\(  H %H  0`o @ ``    rp CH #""Rrp   H Nk ?"6@ NNN?N p I4.8 @`  H Nu3?"6@ NNN?N  I3.4 @`  H N@} ?"6@ NNN?NN   I1.9 @`  H N ?"6@ NNN?N N  I1.0 @` H N< ?"6@ NNN?N  Q 5,000 ft.   @` H N ?"6@ NNN?NN p  K3.8 @` H Nؠ3?"6@ NNN?N N   K2.9 @` H N ?"6@ NNN?NN N   K1.7 @` H N ?"6@ NNN?NN N  K0.9 @` H N ?"6@ NNN?NN   Q 2,000 ft.   @` H N ?"6@ NNN?NpN  K1.8 @`  H N3?"6@ NNN?N N  K1.5 @`  H N ?"6@ NNN?NN  N  K1.1 @`  H N ?"6@ NNN?NN N  K0.7 @`  H N ?"6@ NNN?NN  Q 1,000 ft.   @`  H N ?"6@ NNN?Nrp U 6 knots climb @` H N?"6@ NNN?N r U 4 knots climb @` H N ?"6@ NNN?NN r  U 2 knots climb @` H N  ?"6@ NNN?NrN  T 1 knot climb   @` H N ?"6@ NNN?Nr VHeight gained @`B H No ?"0@NNN?NrprB H H1 ?"0@NNN?NpB H H1 ?"0@NNN?NN pN B H H1 ?"0@NNN?N p B H No ?"0@NNN?NpB H No ?"0@NNN?NrB H H1 ?"0@NNN?NrB  H H1 ?"0@NNN?NN rN B !H H1 ?"0@NNN?N r B "H H1 ?"0@NNN?NrB #H No ?"0@NNN?NprpH H 0޽h ? f;v3ff___PPT10i.wO+D=' = @B + `e0^N0 x<(  x x  0Lo @ ``   x x c $P@ `  H x 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.=f +D=' = @B + `i0^N0 P0(  Px P c $8@ ``   x P c $9@ `  H P 0޽h ? 3___PPT10i.:q:+D=' = @B +  `]0^N0  ) (       0?o @ ``   v  `S ) # #"" `<   NB ?"6@ NNN?NP `S L1%( @`   NR ?"6@ NNN?N@ PS K0( @`   N[ ?"6@ NNN?N0 @ S L1%( @`"   N ^ ?"6@ NNN?N  0S ^# 6 setting costs you: @`   Nn ?"6@ NNN?NPC `  L3%( @`   Nw ?"6@ NNN?N@ C P  L1%( @`   N܀ ?"6@ NNN?N0C @  K0( @`"   N$r ?"6@ NNN?N C 0  ^# 4 setting costs you: @`   N ?"6@ NNN?NP`C  L9%( @`   N, ?"6@ NNN?N@ PC  L6%( @`   N ?"6@ NNN?N0@ C  L3%( @`"   N  ?"6@ NNN?N 0C  ^# 2 setting costs you: @`+   N$ ?"6@ NNN?NP` g8 knots Achieved!$  @`+   N ?"6@ NNN?N@ P g6 knots Achieved!$  @`+   N ?"6@ NNN?N0@  g4 knots Achieved!$  @`   NP  ?"6@ NNN?N 0 VThermal Strength @`B   No ?"0@NNN?N `B   H1 ?"0@NNN?N `B   H1 ?"0@NNN?N C `C B   H1 ?"0@NNN?N  ` B   No ?"0@NNN?N S`SB   No ?"0@NNN?N  SB   H1 ?"0@NNN?N00SB   H1 ?"0@NNN?N@ @ SB   H1 ?"0@NNN?NPPSB   No ?"0@NNN?N``SH   0޽h ? 3F433___PPT10i.]b@ +D=' = @B + `^0^N0 0<(     0po @ ``   x  c $$@ `  H  0޽h ? 3F433___PPT10i.^b0^N0 d<(  d d  0$o @ ``   x d c $h(@ `  H d 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.jP`+D=' = @B + `0^N0 P<(     0/o @ ``   x  c $0@ `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Nu+D=' = @B + `0^N0 `<(     0l>o @ ``   x  c $D?@ `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Nu+D=' = @B + `50^N0  l<(  l l  0Fo @ ``   x l c $G@ `  H l 0޽h ? f;v3ff___PPT10i.zO@X+D=' = @B + `60^N0  p<(  p p  0Po @ ``   x p c $Q@ `  H p 0޽h ? f;v3ff___PPT10i.{ON+D=' = @B +} `O0^N0 (  R2  s * 0R2  s *X 0XR2  s *H` H    # B CDELF$3>`H ph 8  P 8h( d8@       `   s Z0e0e @ `    s <^0e0e @   H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + `V0^N0  8(  8R2 8 s * 0R2 8 s * 0 R2 8 s *`    8 # B CDELF$3>`H ph 8  P 8h( d8@       `  8 Hhe @    8 B@f @    8 # B0CDELF$>lP@@8 00  h 0H xH(8`0H(0DT`x@       H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + `90^N0  tH(  t t  0o @ ``    t  0hԔ @ `  H t 0޽h ? f;v3ff___PPT10i.|O+D=' = @B + `[0^N0 <(     0mo @ ``   x  c $m@ `  H  0޽h ? 3F433___PPT10i.A[Ra+D=' = @B + `0^N0 <(     0|o @ ``   x  c $|@ `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Nu+D=' = @B + `0^N0 P<(     0o @ ``   x  c $`@ `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP6+D=' = @B + `0^N0 (<(  ( (  0o @ ``   x ( c $`@ `  H ( 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NP+D=' = @B + `0^N0 <(     0to @ ``   x  c $L@ `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Nu+D=' = @B + `0^N0 p<(     0o @ ``   x  c $h@ `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.Nu+D=' = @B + ``0^N0 P$<(  $ $  0$o @ ``   x $ c $@ `  H $ 0޽h ? 3F433___PPT10i._bO0+D=' = @B + `*0^N0 4<(  4 4  0o @ ``   x 4 c $@ `  H 4 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.N!+D=' = @B + `10^N0  ,<(  , ,  0To @ ``   x , c $,@ `  H , 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.NJx+D=' = @B + `j0^N0 \0(  \x \ c $@ ``   x \ c $@ `  H \ 0޽h ? 3___PPT10i.?q S+D=' = @B + `f0^N0 0(  x  c $L@ ``   x  c $@ `  H  0޽h ? 3F433___PPT10i.kf ++D=' = @B +0  x((  x^ x S h   H x c $Hh 0  H  H x 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N` "0  |2(  |^ | S h   H | c $dHh 0  H (In recent years, I have come to realize that what I considered to be my greatest strength, in fact hid a serious weakness. How is that you say? I thermal very well and I have flown with pilots with outstanding thermalling skills. How could that be a weakness?? Stay tuned! H | 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.NP'0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $%Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.NP'0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $*Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.NP' 0 @ ((  ^  S h   H  c $%Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.NPH* 0 P ((  ^  S h   H  c $4Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.NPH* 0 ` ((  ^  S h   H  c $:Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.NPH*0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $@.Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N@,0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $`DHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N@,0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $0JHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N@/0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $EHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N@/0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $dTHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N@/c0 P ((  ^  S h   H  c $,ZHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N [=d0 ` ((  ^  S h   H  c $ UHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N [=e0 p ((  ^  S h   H  c $hdHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N [=f0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $0jHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N [=g0  ((  ^  S h   H  c $eHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N [=}k0  (  ^  S h   H  c $tHh 0  H oIT IS A LOT EASIER TO FIND A 2 KNOT THERMAL in 10 miles as compared to a 6 knot thermal over the same distance.H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.N [=0 @ ((  ^  S h   H  c ${Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.NB0 @ T((  T^ T S h   H T c $Hh 0  H  H T 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.xO<>I0 ` \Y(  \^ \ S h   H \ c $Hh 0  H O;Be conservative with your estimation of thermal strength!!!H \ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.xO@0 `((  ^  S h   H  c $Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.OP`Ű0 p((  ^  S h   H  c $Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.OP`Ű0 ((  ^  S h   H  c $Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.OP`Ű0 ((  ^  S h   H  c $pHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.OP`Ű0 ((  ^  S h   H  c $@Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.OP`ŰB0 R(  ^  S h   H  c $0Hh 0  H H4This is crucial to your average cross country speed.H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.OP`Ű0 ((  ^  S h   H  c $PHh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.O@S0 t(  tX t C h   H t S Hh 0  H Remember  the thermals work just the same 10 miles away  just make the move.H t 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.wP0io0 zrx (  xX x C h   Hr x S ĺHh 0  H Turning too soon  wait for the thermal to talk to you. Wait for the surge. Be patient. If you can see the controls of another glider moving  highly inefficient. WILLEM L. story  extremely smooth  French National Champion feedback. 1980 s technique.H x 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.wP 0 |(  |X | C h   H | S Hh 0  H  H | 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.wP0 bZ(  d  c $h   /N  s */h @  / I appreciate the opportunity to speak to you today. My flying background  over 1,000 hours soaring most of it cross country. Few claims to fame  I flew the first OFFICIAL 500 km. triangle in S.W. Ont. I flew this one in an ASW 20  a wonderful glider with the capability to bite you. Andy Gough flew the second 500 km.in a Mini Nimbus. >H  0޽h ? ̙330 X(  d  c $h   H  s *Hh @  H B.As I said earlier, you can not wander aimlessly through the sky. It is you who is controlling the glider Q. What happens if we fly into a thermal, but don t force the wing back down? A. We let the thermals push us around. This results in flying between the thermals in sink H  0޽h ? ̙330 <"(  <d < c $h   H~ < s *Hh @  H So by reacting to the thermal trying to push us out, we can spend more time flyin in lift. There is no need to stop and circle in every thermal when we turn into the thermal and it is not stong enough to merit stopping, or if we are already at a good altitude, with respect to our working band, then we just make small deviations into the lift and then continue on course with out circling. Besides pulling up and turning into thermals, how else can we climb while moving straight ahead Cloud streets - at what altitude should we fly under them? It is more efficient to stay 500-1000 feet below cloud base Otherwise if we are at cloud base, we will have to speed up in the lift to stay out of the cloud!!,LmH < 0޽h ? ̙33d0 t(  X  C h   H  S Hh 0  H vbTHIS IS A MOST IMPORTANT CHART> UNDERSTAND THIS AND YOUR SOARING SKILL WILL IMPROVE EXPONENTIALLY!H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.TyS 0 (  X  C h   H  S (Hh 0  H  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.l^p20 B(  X  C h   H  S  Hh 0  H D0I stopped counting my land outs when the number of off field landings exceed my age. Some where in the 60 to 70 off field landing range. Not going to talk about THERMAL STRUCTURE and HOW TO CENTER thermals. These topics have been covered in various articles and presentations. RATHER  I want to talk to you today about thermalling errors, thermalling tactics and thermal selection while going cross country.H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.\b9K0 0(p,(  ,X , C h   H( , S h 0  H If you set MacCready for 2 knots on a 4 knot ACHIEVED day it costs you 3%! Remember we are talking about ACHIEVED climb NOT indicated climb! yH , 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#c@F~ 0 0(  0X 0 C h    0 S  h 0    H 0 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#c@F~0 e]4(  4X 4 C h   ] 4 S h 0   Without a sense of urgency you will fail to complete any task. You need to train yourself to adapt to tim epressures and to continue to make good decisions while under stress.,f <H 4 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#c@ 0 8(  8X 8 C h    8 S @h 0    H 8 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.#c@P0 |`(  |X | C h    | S h 0   bNReading the sky ahead is a critical part of your flight. AVOID THE FOCUS ON A  TARGET CLOUD. Think of the sky as a giant chess board  always plan a fall back option.H | 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.hfa 0 (  X  C h     S %h 0    H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.g= 0 p4(  4X 4 C h    4 S X+h 0    H 4 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.p߅ 0 T(  TX T C h    T S 0h 0    H T 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>qá 0 X(  XX X C h    X S 6h 0    H X 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>qʡ 0 @t(  tX t C h    t S l<h 0    H t 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.GqHCr$ 32   0XB U@-8PWR~%z-37 x:<>0"BBbE@OP"BbV^'eqi%5kGm0g/p2q ~'z08XpQ*hjv ~( 8pɢ~X[jw09@ "% U' Ͻ*-χ8X&/-1A3U51Oh+'0T hp  THERMALLING BASICSJohn Brennan 52Microsoft Office PowerPoint@b |@pSN@wHvx GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___wwwX4'A x(xKʦ 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